分寸地

选取相应的域，按Ctrl+Shift+F9。会者不难啊～

意外发现美国Florida大学开设了星际争霸课程，以培养学生的

 critical thinking, problem solving, resource management, and adaptive decision making等方面的能力。不得不惊叹于老外的创意了！ 原文链接见：



http://www.joystiq.com/2010/08/24/starcraft-features-in-un...

http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-07-30/135220792208.shtml

　　一提到"三钱"，人们便会肃然起敬地想到我国著名科学家钱学森、钱伟长和钱三强三人。三钱是中国科坛的杰出人物。为给祖国撑起一片安全的天空， 他们做出了卓越的贡献。在"实力决定地位"的国际背景下，他们在给我们国家带来更多安全感的同时，也赋予了我们一个时代的自豪感。

　　钱学森是用美军战俘换回来的。美国人一时疏忽放走了他们曾经控制下的、这位...

今天碰到有人问在使用endnote辅助word进行文章写作的时候，遇到在同一第一作者多篇文章引用的时候citation的格式并不是他想要的。比如

“但是尼古丁的愉悦效应、强化效应和其它心理效应却更加细微(Andrew J. Waters, Shiffman, Bradley, & Mogg, 2003) ，在更加受限的条件下表现出来，且更难预测大多数吸烟者为成功戒烟所体验的痛苦(A. J. Waters et al., 2003)。”...

五一节放假，读书园地也休假了，这两天都不能访问，而且没有任何官方说明。很奇怪，希望不要出什么大的问题，God Bless~

昨天下午，径自乘坐696就去了植物园。要不说北京就是人多呢，节假日更是不得了。闲话少说，直接上图吧。

在使用endnote过程中发现，默认状态下journal的名称是省略显示的，但是我们在投稿时有时候要求的是期刊的全名。那么，怎样让endnote和word结合并在reference部分自动显示出期刊的全名呢？http://www.library.uq.edu.au/endnote/journal_terms.html

1）先删除原有的term list。Tool - Open term lists - Journal term lists - Terms 选择所有（ctrl...

http://www.macx.cn/a/a2000I607161.htm

 前两谈哪位仁兄发过类似的贴，但是词典都下载不了，这个应该能下了，呵呵～Leopard自带的词典经过自定丰富后，可成为目前Mac系统里最强劲的字典，而且开启wikipedia字典后，可与目前刚出的google金山词霸抗衡，甚至比它更加强劲！！不过开启wiki字典后，需要链接上网络，所以速度会比较慢点，但是关闭wiki后，速度一流！而且可以不断补充自己所需要的词典，扩展性上其他软件无法于其匹敌。...

The debate on the reason for the Origins of Life continues. Since the Beginning of the 90’s, advocates of creationism started a new movement: Intelligent Design Theory, supported by the Discovery Institute Intelligent Design Theory, supported by the Discovery Institute

It is riddled with holes, yet contains 15 gallons of water and a pint of hydrochloric acid. It has more protein than 70 pounds of peanuts. It has enough carbon to fill a thousand pencils, and enough phosphorous for 3,000 match heads. What sounds like a collection of chemicals in a leaky bag is the most complex structure on our planet, and 400,000 of them are born every day. The one thing we all have in common is the amazing machine we all inhabit… the human body. In the course of its life, it will breathe ten million balloons worth of air. It will process 30 tons of food. And it will secrete 17 gallons of tears. But humans rarely stop to think about the amazing technology behind even the most mundane action, the technology we will explore in this episode of The Ultimate Guide.

The newest Nature article by Hamlin, Wynn & Bloom.

The key to successful social interactions is the ability to assess others’ intentions — be they friend or foe. A new study in 6- and 10-month-old infants shows that humans engage in social evaluations even earlier than was thought, before they can use language. The infants could evaluate actors on the basis of their social acts — they were drawn towards an individual who helps an unrelated third party to achieve his or her goal, and they avoided an individual who hinders a third party’s efforts to achieve a goal. The findings support the claim that precursors to adult-like social evaluation are present even in babies. This skill could be a biological adaptation that may also serve as the foundation for moral thought and action later in life.

【摘要】Working memory and short-term memory are closely related in their cognitive architecture, capacity limitations, and functional neuroanatomy, which only partly overlap with those of long-term memory. The author reviews the functional neuroimaging literature on the commonalities and differences between working memory and short-term memory and the interplay of areas with modality-specific and supramodal representations in the brain networks supporting these fundamental cognitive processes. Sensory stores in the visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortex play a role in short-term memory, but supramodal parietal and frontal areas are often recruited as well. Classical working memory operations such as manipulation, protection against interference, or updating almost certainly require at least some degree of prefrontal support, but many pure maintenance tasks involve these areas as well. Although it seems that activity shifts from more posterior regions during encoding to more anterior regions during delay, some studies reported sustained delay activity in sensory areas as well. This spatiotemporal complexity of the short-term memory/working memory networks is mirrored in the activation patterns that may explain capacity constraints, which, although most prominent in the parietal cortex, seem to be pervasive across sensory and premotor areas. Finally, the author highlights open questions for cognitive neuroscience research of working memory, such as that of the mechanisms for integrating different types of content (binding) or those providing the link to long-term memory.

今天无意中搜索到一篇文章“语觉论--第二语言教学的理论基础”，粗看了下，发现它对语言习得的相关理论总结得还不错，并且在讨论了先天和后天，以及先天后天相互作用相关理论后，从语义的角度提出了自己对于语言习得的看法，并总结为语觉论。作者何克抗，既不是语言学家，也不是心理学家，而是教育技术方面的专家。他于2004出了一本书，名为《语觉论 儿童语言发展新论》。

A reviewed model proposed by Willem J.M. Levelt Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1999.

Research on spoken word production has been approached from two angles. In one research tradition, the analysis of spontaneous or induced speech errors led to models that can account for speech error distributions. In another tradition, the measurement of picture naming latencies led to chronometric models accounting for distributions of reaction times in word production. Both kinds of models are, however, dealing with the same underlying processes: (1) the speaker’s selection of a word that is semantically and syntactically appropriate; (2) the retrieval of the word’s phonological properties; (3) the rapid syllabification of the word in context; and (4) the preparation of the corresponding articulatory gestures. Models of both traditions explain these processes in terms of activation spreading through a localist, symbolic network. By and large, they share the main levels of representation: conceptual/semantic, syntactic, phonological and phonetic. They differ in various details, such as the amount of cascading and feedback in the network. These research traditions have begun to merge in recent years, leading to highly constructive experimentation. Currently, they are like two similar knives honing each other. A single pair of scissors is in the making.

A review by Keith Rayner published on Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2001.

For many researchers, eye-movement measures have become instrumental in revealing the moment-to-moment activity of the mind during reading. In general, there has been a great deal of consistency across studies within the eye-movement literature, and researchers have discovered and examined many variables involved in the reading process that affect the nature of readers’eye movements. Despite remarkable progress, however, there are still a number of issues to be resolved. In this article,we discuss three controversial issues:(1) the extent to which eye-movement behavior is affected by low-level oculomotor factors versus higher-level cognitive processes; (2) how much information is extracted from the right of fixation; and (3) whether readers process information from more than one word at a time.

A paper by Hagoort and colleague published on science 1998. LRP component under a go/no-go task (gender vs initial phoneme) was applied to separate the time course of availability of syntax and phonology during the production of noun-phrase (colored picture).

In normal conversation, speakers translate thoughts into words at high speed. To enable this speed, the retrieval of distinct types of linguistic knowledge has to be orchestrated with millisecond precision. The nature of this orchestration is still largely unknown. This report presents dynamic measures of the real-time activation of two basic types of linguistic knowledge, syntax and phonology. Electrophysiological data demonstrate that
during noun-phrase production speakers retrieve the syntactic gender of a noun before its abstract phonological properties. This two-step process operates at high speed: the data show that phonological information is already available 40 milliseconds after syntactic properties have been retrieved.

Some Basics of Thalamocortical Signaling, and Highlights of Edward Jones’ Recent Theoretical Reorganization of the Corticothalamic Axis.The two thalami are the gateways to the cerebral cortex and, thus, to consciousness. Like almost all major brain structures the thalami are bilateral or paired structures. These two walnut-sized globes are comprised of about 50 grouping of nerve cells, neural tissue, and fibers called nuclei. They are located just under the two brain hemispheres which they serve.

Although episodic memory has commonly been thought to depend on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and frontal cortex (FC) (refer to Box 1), imaging studies have also consistently demonstrated activations in an additional region, the parietal lobe (PL), during episodic memory retrieval (Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000; Naghavi & Nyberg, 2005; Wagner et al., 2005). This phenomenon was first observed in studies using event-related potentials (ERP), which are brief changes in the brain’s electrical activity (or its electroencephalography signal) in response to a discrete sensory stimulus (Rugg & Allan, 2000). As discussed below, parietal activation has consistently been observed in recognition memory studies using ERP. Activation in the PL, however, has also been observed for a variety of other cognitive functions, leading many scientists to suggest that the PL could be part of an attentional/consciousness network that supports a variety of cognitive processes, including memory function.

This excellent book is aptly titled. It presents a closely argued analysis of the current state of consciousness studies and suggests a strategy of investigation, which the author believes is necessary to establish a robust science of consciousness. Before he introduces the details of his framework for a unified science of consciousness, Revonsuo makes the following broad assertions:

1) The field of consciousness research is far from being a true science because it lacks a unified research program.

2) A proper unified research program should fall within the conceptual and procedural framework of biological realism wherein explanations of conscious phenomena are expressed mainly in the terms of cognitive neuroscience.

3) Understanding of consciousness must be based on understanding the multilevel biological mechanisms which explain how conscious phenomena work.

Are the contents of conscious perception tied to individual brain cells? Can we use single neurons to determine someone’s subjective experience? A recent studies published in PNAS suggests otherwise: there are no specialized neurons that carry information about what enters awareness and what not. If one holds the picture of a butterfly in front of one eye and the image of an apple before the other, the brain gets into a deep dilemma. It must integrate the contradictory pictures to a meaningful whole. This situation inevitably leads to a fascinating phenomenon called “binocular rivalry“. During rivalry, perception alternates between the picture shown to one eye and that shown to the other one. In other words, the butterfly will be seen during some moments and the apple during others. It is as if the brain is unable to decide which eye to trust, and therefore constantly wavers back and forth between them.

PLOS Biology has a most interesting article from Stanislas Dehaene’s group on the neurodynamics of conscious experience. The researchers studied brain activation using EEG, while subjects rated visually presented stimuli on a scale from unseen to clearly seen. It was found that conscious experience of a stimulus was related to the engagement of a widespread network involving the frontal, parietal and temporal cortices.

1、 Word表格自动填充　　在Word表格里选中要填入相同内容的单元格，单击“格式→项目符号和编号”，进入“编号”选项卡，选择任意一种样式，单击“自定义”按钮，在“自定义编号列表”窗口中“编号格式”栏内输入要填充的内容，在“编号样式”栏内选择“无”，依次单击“确定”退出后即可。　　

2、 Word中巧输星期　　单击“格式→项目符号和编号”，进入“编号”选项卡，单击“自定义”按钮，在“编号样式”栏内选择“一、二、三”等样式，在“编号格式”栏内的“一”前输入“星期”即可。　　

3、 粘贴网页内容　　在Word中粘贴网页，只须在网页中复制内容，切换到Word中，单击“粘贴”按钮，网页中所有内容就会原样复制到Word中，这时在复制内容的右下角会出现一个“粘贴选项”按钮，单击按钮右侧的黑三角符号，弹出一个菜单，选择“仅保留文本”即可。

1．如何快速定位到上次编辑的位置？
　　用WPS编辑文件时有一个特点，就是当你下次打开一WPS文件时，光标会自动定位到你上一次存盘时的位置。不过，Word却没有直接提供这个功能，但是，当我们在打开Word文件后，如果按下Shift+F5键您就会发现光标已经快速定位到你上一次编辑的位置了。　小提示：其实Shift+F5的作用是定位到Word最后三次编辑的位置，即Word会记录下一篇文档最近三次编辑文字的位置，可以重复按下Shift+F5键，并在三次编辑位置之间循环，当然按一下Shift+F5就会定位到上一次编辑时的位置了。
2．如何快速插入当前日期或时间？
　　有时写完一篇文章，觉得有必要在文章的末尾插入系统的当前日期或时间，一般人是通过选择菜单来实现的。其实我们可以按Alt+Shift+D键来插入系统日期，而按下Alt+Shift+T组合键则...

一直想找一个暂时属于自己的空间，但是没有找到满意的。要么系统不稳定，时不时地不能访问；要么访问速度太慢，影响心情。这次试试这个，不知道会怎样呢？看了看，觉得还不错，要是能有选择换英文界面的功能就好了，毕竟用英文可交流的圈子要大一些。Anyway, just try it.....................